文導 week 11

The May Fourth Movement (Chinese: 五四運動)： an anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement growing out of student participants in Beijing on May 4, 1919, protesting against the Chinese government's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles, especially allowing Japan to receive territories in Shandong which had been surrendered by Germany after the Siege of Tsingtao.

the vernacular movement in drama：A Doll's House by  Henrik Ibsen

A Doll's House ： a three-act play in prose by Henrik Ibsen. It premiered at the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 21 December 1879, having been published earlier that month.

  The play is significant for its critical attitude toward 19th-century marriage norms. Ibsen was inspired by the belief that "a woman cannot be herself in modern society," since it is "an exclusively male society, with laws made by men and with prosecutors and judges who assess feminine conduct from a masculine standpoint." 

Henrik Ibsen：a major 19th-century Norwegian playwright, theatre director, and poet. He is often referred to as "the father of realism" and is one of the founders of Modernism in theatre. His major works include Brand, Peer Gynt, An Enemy of the People, Emperor and Galilean, A Doll's House, Hedda Gabler, Ghosts, The Wild Duck, Rosmersholm, and The Master Builder. He is the most frequently performed dramatist in the world after Shakespeare, and A Doll's House became the world's most performed play by the early 20th century.

a midsummer night's dream

amazons：In Greek mythology, the Amazons were a race of woman warriors.

end ryhme：to remember the poem easily

Spenserian sonnet：A variant on the English form is the Spenserian sonnet, in which the rhyme scheme is abab, bcbc, cdcd, ee. The linked rhymes of his quatrains suggest the linked rhymes of such Italian forms as terza rima.

Modern sonnet：with the advent of free verse, the sonnet was seen as somewhat old-fashioned and fell out of use for a time among some schools of poets. However, a number of modern poets, including Don Paterson, Federico García Lorca, E.E. Cummings, Joan Brossa, Paul Muldoon and Seamus Heaney continued to use the form.

talk the importance of poetry by two poem
Poetry by Marianne Moore and Poetry Makes Nothing Happen? by Julia Alvarez 

Ars PoeticaRelated Poem 
BY ARCHIBALD MACLEISH

A poem should be palpable and mute   As a globed fruit, 
Dumb As old medallions to the thumb, 
Silent as the sleeve-worn stone Of casement ledges where the moss has grown— 
A poem should be wordless   As the flight of birds. 
                         *           
A poem should be motionless in time   As the moon climbs, 
Leaving, as the moon releases Twig by twig the night-entangled trees, 
Leaving, as the moon behind the winter leaves,   Memory by memory the mind— 
A poem should be motionless in time   As the moon climbs. 
                         *               
A poem should be equal to: Not true. 
For all the history of grief An empty doorway and a maple leaf. 
For love The leaning grasses and two lights above the sea— 
A poem should not mean   But be. 

I dwell in in possibility- Emily Dickson

I dwell in Possibility –
A fairer House than Prose –
More numerous of Windows –
Superior – for Doors –

Of Chambers as the Cedars –
Impregnable of eye –
And for an everlasting Roof
The Gambrels of the Sky –

Of Visitors – the fairest –
For Occupation – This –
The spreading wide my narrow Hands
To gather Paradise –


 Marianne Craig Moore： an American Modernist poet, critic, translator, and editor. Her poetry is noted for formal innovation, precise diction, irony, and wit.

An oxymoron： a figure of speech that juxtaposes elements that appear to be contradictory. Oxymorons appear in a variety of contexts, including inadvertent errors (such as "ground pilot") and literary oxymorons crafted to reveal a paradox.

synecdoche： a figure of speech in which a term for a part of something refers to the whole of something or vice versa. A synecdoche is a class of metonymy, often by means of either mentioning a part for the whole or conversely the whole for one of its parts.

Richard Cory
BY EDWIN ARLINGTON ROBINSON

Whenever Richard Cory went down town,
We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown,=head to toeClean favored, and imperially slim.
And he was always quietly arrayed,
And he was always human when he talked;
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
"Good-morning," and he glittered when he walked.
And he was rich—yes, richer than a king—
And admirably schooled in every grace:
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.
So on we worked, and waited for the light,
And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.

lyric poetry： a formal type of poetry which expresses personal emotions or feelings, typically spoken in the first person. The term derives from a form of Ancient Greek literature, the lyric, which was defined by its musical accompaniment, usually on a stringed instrument known as a lyre.

Literary ballads：Literary or lyrical ballads grew out of an increasing interest in the ballad form among social elites and intellectuals, particularly in the Romantic movement from the later 18th century.

La Belle Dame Sans Merci

Ballad-----點連結看詩

"l(a"  by E. E. Cummings.

l(a
le
af
fa
ll
s)
one
l
iness

= loneliness(a leaf falls)