week 5 西概

Eris-goddess of discord

Iris- goddess of rainbow and messenger of the gods

Hermes- He is portrayed as an emissary and messenger of the gods and he was associated with Mercury by the Romans.

Greeks often called themselves Hellenes(it can be seen on their post ticket)

destiny-the events that will necessarily happen to a particular person or thing in the future.
destin=>destiny
destination：the place to which someone or something is going or being sent.
fate-the development of events beyond a person's control, regarded as determined by a supernatural power.

fatal - causing death.
ex：Hellen is called fatal woman.

some nouns in capital are name of gods
ex：the Sleep, Fate

In epic poetry, there are many adjective in front the name of god, for example, Pollas Athena



 Aeneas：Aenea was a Trojan hero, the son of the prince Anchises and the goddess Aphrodite
/x/

para-=>parallel juxtaposed
ex：parachute, paragraph, paragraphic, parallel parking, paradox
pledge- To offer or guarantee by a solemn binding promise

dic-=>to say, to tell, word
ex： dictionary, predict, dictator

vir-=ver- => true
ex：vertify, virtual, veritas

hubris= pride

nature<=>nurture (To raise or educate)
Achilles is gay by nature or nurture is discussed by many academic

Week 4 西概

oral epic 
literary epic - Iliad , Odyssey, Aeneid are epic poetry

Feature of  epic poetry

1. Praepositio: Opens by stating the theme or cause of the epic. This may take the form of a purpose (as in Milton, who proposed "to justify the ways of God to men"); of a question (as in the Iliad, which Homer initiates by asking a Muse to sing of Achilles' anger); or of a situation (as in the Song of Roland, withCharlemagne in Spain).
2. Invocation: Writer invokes a Muse, one of the nine daughters of Zeus. The poet prays to the Muses to provide him with divine inspiration to tell the story of a great hero. 
3. In medias res: narrative opens "in the middle of things", with the hero at his lowest point. Usually flashbacks show earlier portions of the story.
4. Enumeratio: Catalogues and genealogies are given. These long lists of objects, places, and people place the finite action of the epic within a broader, universal context. Often, the poet is also paying homage to the ancestors of audience members.
5. Epithet: Heavy use of repetition or stock phrases: e.g., Homer's "rosy-fingered dawn" and "wine-dark sea."

Iliad is start from Achilles's anger and end at Hector's pyre.

Oct-: eight

October is the 8th month in Rome's calendar.

October and August are related to Octavius .
Augustus was born Gaius Octavius.

  Priam is the king of Troy 
/ˈpraɪm/
Hector was a Trojan prince and the greatest fighter for Troy in the Trojan War.
Achaeans are Greek's army

voc=>to call
ex: provoke, evoke

com-= together
ex： combat

xerox(sometimes lowercase) to print or reproduce by xerography. It can also called"carbon copy(C.C.)"

initial：first

Week3 西概

 
(1)Golden apple ：Zeus held a banquet in celebration of the marriage of Peleus and Thetis(father and mother of Achilles). Eris, the goddess of discord, was not invited for her troublesome nature, and upon turning up uninvited, she threw a golden apple into the ceremony, with an inscription that read: "To the fairest". Three goddesses claimed the apple: Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite. Zeus not wanting to get involved, he  assigned the task to Paris of Troy.

Zeus gave the apple to Hermes and told him to deliver it to Paris and tell him that the goddesses would accept his decision without argument. As each goddess wanted to receive the apple, each of the goddesses offered Paris a gift as a bribe in return for the apple; Hera offered to make him the king of Europe and Asia, Athena offered him wisdom and skill in battle, and Aphrodite offered him the most beautiful woman in the world as his wife, Helen of Sparta. Paris chose Aphrodite, a decision that ultimately led to the start of the Trojan war.


(2)Achilles' heel：In Greek mythology, when Achilles was a baby, it was foretold that he would die young. To prevent his death, his mother Thetis took Achilles to the River Styx, which was supposed to offer powers of invulnerability, and dipped his body into the water. But as Thetis held Achilles by the heel, his heel was not washed over by the water of the magical river. Achilles grew up to be a man of war who survived many great battles. But one day, a poisonous arrow shot at him was lodged in his heel, killing him shortly after.

Cow：
heifer =>female
cub => kid
ox =>male

The name from south Europe should read the tail
For example：Persephone/i/(Hades' wife and Demeter's daughter)、Penelope/i/(she is Odysseus' wife)


Persephone  is the daughter of Zeus and the harvest goddess Demeter, and is the queen of the underworld. Because she eat the  pomegranate in underworld, she had to live  underground in half of the year. This is season's story.

 
 pomegranate: it means the blessing of having many descendants




Greek immortals and hero

Demeter = Ceres

Hades = Pluto

Zeus = Jove  

Odysseus = Ulysses


Priam, father of Paris

Hecuba, mother of Paris

Cassandra, sister of Paris
A common version of her story is that Apollo gave her the power of prophecy in order to seduce her, but when she refused, he spat into her mouth cursing her never to be believed.


Patroclus , was the son of Menoetius, grandson of Actor, King of Opus, and Achilles's beloved comrade and brother-in-arms.


Homeric epithet ：
A characteristic of Homer's style is the use of epithets, as in "rosy-fingered" dawn or "swift-footed" Achilles. Epithets are used because of the constraints of the dactylic hexameter (i.e., it is convenient to have a stockpile of metrically fitting phrases to add to a name) and because of the oral transmission of the poems; they are mnemonic aids to the singer and the audience alike.

the patrons in homer：
Iliad - Apollo
Odyssey -  Athena 

Fate VS. Destiny：
Fate is what happens to you and out of your control
Destiny is what results from your actions.

fatal woman：A woman causing or capable of causing death.


muse：A state of reflection.
Muse：Greek Mythology Any of the nine daughters of Mnemosyne and Zeus, each of whom presided over a different art or science.

plague：A virulent, infectious disease that is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis (syn. Pasteurella pestis) and istransmitted primarily by the bite of fleas from an infected rodent, especially a rat. In humans it occurs in bubonicform, marked by lymph node enlargement, and in pneumonic form, marked by infection of the lungs, and canprogress to septicemia.

change.：A crucial or decisive point or situation, especially a difficult or unstable situation involving an impending 

week 2 西概

i.Things about the Greek immortals




Apollo with a lyre
lyric is came from lyre.


Athena with an owl =>>> that's why owl is considered to be the wise animal





Poseidon hold a trident

Aesculapius- a god of medicine in ancient Greek religion and mythology

ii.Theater




Orchestra often with altar

iii. Tragic family

Thebes-Oedipus
Atreus-Agamemnon

iv.Zeus's life=> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus

v.words:
1.patron-a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, cause, or activity.
   patronize-treat with an apparent kindness that betrays a feeling of superiority.
   patronage-the support given by a patron
2. de- down、away from
    ex:departure、decline、depreciate
3. mono- :single<=>poly-:many
   ex: monotheistic<->polytheistic
4. ium-、eum-: 有範圍的地方、東西
ex:aquarium(aquar-:water)、auditorium、coliseum、museum、stadium、equilibrium、dialect
5.ab-:negative，Ex:abnormal

week1西概

I.allusion

1. biblical--Gospel

2. classical--Homer

3. literarn--The Odyssey

II.Rome number

1.code 

2.Decimal

3.have to minus when it is 4 or 9 

ex： i=1, v=5, x=10, L=50, c=100, d=500, m=1000

        ii=2

        iv=4, 9=ix

        vi=6

        xxx=30

        40=xL

       99=xcix

III. Ancient Greeks thought they are reasonable ，so they made myth to explain the world. 

      

"REASON" IS A POINT IN ANCIENT LITERATURE.

iv.

the Greeks praised                   hate

truth

excellence

knowledge                  <=>        jeorily

virtue                                         rage

watch<<Helen of troy>>

     

(Click the poster to the clips)

v. words

ori-: begin 

intro-: in